NOTES on ICSE HISTORY

Factors responsible for the growth of Muslim league- Divide and rule: - British started creating problems between Hindus and Muslim. First they ignored the Muslims as they felt that the Muslims were behind the revolt. Then as a way to keep the Muslims away from the national movement and the congress, the British tried to win over the Muslims. Backwardness of the Muslims in the field of education and industry:- As the British administration neglected the muslims after 1857 muslims in terms rejected western education. Hindus on the other hand graved the opportunity, but the Muslims lacked behind. This widened the gap between two communities. Muslims found themselves in inferior position. Government jobs were not open for them. This led to growth of communalism in India. Role of sir Syed Ahmad Khan:- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was instrumental in fostering differences between the Hindus and the Muslims. Sir side Ahmad khan realized that the educational backwardness o...

What was the reason behind the partition of Bengal? Official motive- Bengal during those period was very big all most about 1 lakh 90 thousand square miles and a population of 78.5 million it was said that the province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by the single provincial government it was quite difficult for one L.T governor to administer it efficiently therefore a scheme was prepared to divide the province of the Bengal into two separate provinces. Real motives- 1. The real motive was to break the growing solidarity of Bengali nationalisms. 2. To drive a wedge (gap) between the Hindus and Muslims 3. To demonstrate the strength of British Raj. Anti-partition movement – Reaction of the people – On 16th October 1905 partition of Bengal took place. This was declared as a day of mourning (sad). Every city, town and village now rang with the cry of ‘Bande Matram’. In Calcutta, the procession laid to the river Ganga. After a dip, people tied rakhi to each o...

Causes 1. Failures of the Moderates: the early congress man from 1885-1905 were unable to achieve anything substantial. The new radical groups believe that the leaders lacked the essential need of a national movement as they were not in touch with the people. The moderates had also failed to secure any substantial political reforms from the government. The radical felt that moderate’s faith in the goodness of the British rule was misplaced, and the need of the hour was vigorous. 2. Worsening economic condition: The evil economic consequences of foreign rule was exposed towards the ends of the 19th century when their was famines, which ravaged India from 1896 -1900 and took a toll of over 90 lakhs of lives. The government did nothing to help the people, on the other hand it spend a huge amount of money on the Silver Jubilee celebration of Queen Victoria’s accession to the throne. These events revealed to the Indian their plight of utter helplessness they attributed all this to...

3. Programmes and achievement Moderates Early Congressman from 1885-1905 were often called moderates as they were moderate in their views, moderate in their demand, moderate in their methods and some say even moderate in their achievement. Moderates consist of middle class intelligentsia comprising lawyer, doctor, scholars, engineers and other such professional. Moderate leader 1. Dadabhai Naoroji 2. Surendranath Banerjee 3. Gopal Krishna Gokhlae 4. W.C Banerjee 5. Justice Ranadey 6. Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Demands of the moderates-(objectives) 1. Expansion of legislature 2. Abolition of Indian council 3. Employment of more Indians in higher services 4. ICS examination to be held in England and India 5. Complete separation of executive and judiciary 6. Reduction of land tax, salt tax and sugar tax 7. Reduction in army expenditure and use of the funds for the development of health and education 8. Industrial growth through trade protection by imposing heavy tax on imported g...

Indian National Movement got an impetus after the foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Mr. A.O. Hume, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service, took the initiative in this direction. He appealed to the Graduates of the Calcutta University to form an association for the moral, social and political regeneration of the Indians. Lord Dufferin, the then Viceroy of India, supported the idea. Leaders like Dada Bhai Nauroji S.N. Banerjee, Ferozshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji and others helped him to found the Indian National Congress. The first session of the Congress was held at Bombay with W. C. Banerjee, as the first President. It was attended by 72 members. Delegates came from different parts of the country and most important among them were Dadabhai Naoroji, Ranade, Pherozeshah Mehta, K.T. Telang, Dinshaw Wacha etc. The meeting was truly a national gathering consisting of leading men from all parts of India. The initial aims and objectives of the congress, were 1. To ...

Nationalism refers to the feelings of oneness and common consciousness that emerges when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political, and cultural background, having the same language, cultural values and consider themselves as one nation. Following are the factors that led to the Growth of Nationalism in India. Economic Exploitation 1. The primary objective of the British rule in India was the economic exploitation. They took away raw materials from India and brought here their manufactured goods. 2. The policy of economic exploitation ruined the Indian industries. Indian industries failed to compete with those of the British because the British had all the advantages and privileges on their side. 3. Moreover, the British officials working in India had become a drain on the Indian resources. Reactionary policies of Lord Lytton The period from 1870 to 1884 was extremely tumultuous and was seen as the beginning time of Indian nationalism. The several ...

End of Company’s Rule To set things right, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act of 1858. Under this Act: 1. East India Company’s rule came to an end. 2. India’s administration came directly under the British crown. 3. The Indian Council, under a Secretary of State and **15 members of the cabinet, was created to supervise the Indian administration. ** [8 members were appointed by the queen and 7 members by the Directors of the Company] 4. The administration in India was headed by the Viceroy. [Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India] Queen Victoria’s proclamation [1st November 1858] 1. The Act laid down that henceforth India shall be governed by and in the name of the Queen. 2. The Doctrine of Lapse was cancelled and the British stopped the policy of annexation. 3. There would be no interference in social and religious customs of the people. 4. Educated Indians would get jobs in British services 5. A general amnesty (pardon) was granted to the rebels exce...